#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Copyright 2009 Facebook
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
# not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
# a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
# WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
# License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
# under the License.
"""Utility classes to write to and read from non-blocking files and sockets.
Contents:
* `BaseIOStream`: Generic interface for reading and writing.
* `IOStream`: Implementation of BaseIOStream using non-blocking sockets.
* `SSLIOStream`: SSL-aware version of IOStream.
* `PipeIOStream`: Pipe-based IOStream implementation.
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, with_statement
import collections
import errno
import numbers
import os
import socket
import sys
import re
from tornado.concurrent import TracebackFuture
from tornado import ioloop
from tornado.log import gen_log, app_log
from tornado.netutil import ssl_wrap_socket, ssl_match_hostname, SSLCertificateError, _client_ssl_defaults, _server_ssl_defaults
from tornado import stack_context
from tornado.util import errno_from_exception
try:
from tornado.platform.posix import _set_nonblocking
except ImportError:
_set_nonblocking = None
try:
import ssl
except ImportError:
# ssl is not available on Google App Engine
ssl = None
# These errnos indicate that a non-blocking operation must be retried
# at a later time. On most platforms they're the same value, but on
# some they differ.
_ERRNO_WOULDBLOCK = (errno.EWOULDBLOCK, errno.EAGAIN)
if hasattr(errno, "WSAEWOULDBLOCK"):
_ERRNO_WOULDBLOCK += (errno.WSAEWOULDBLOCK,)
# These errnos indicate that a connection has been abruptly terminated.
# They should be caught and handled less noisily than other errors.
_ERRNO_CONNRESET = (errno.ECONNRESET, errno.ECONNABORTED, errno.EPIPE,
errno.ETIMEDOUT)
if hasattr(errno, "WSAECONNRESET"):
_ERRNO_CONNRESET += (errno.WSAECONNRESET, errno.WSAECONNABORTED, errno.WSAETIMEDOUT)
if sys.platform == 'darwin':
# OSX appears to have a race condition that causes send(2) to return
# EPROTOTYPE if called while a socket is being torn down:
# http://erickt.github.io/blog/2014/11/19/adventures-in-debugging-a-potential-osx-kernel-bug/
# Since the socket is being closed anyway, treat this as an ECONNRESET
# instead of an unexpected error.
_ERRNO_CONNRESET += (errno.EPROTOTYPE,)
# More non-portable errnos:
_ERRNO_INPROGRESS = (errno.EINPROGRESS,)
if hasattr(errno, "WSAEINPROGRESS"):
_ERRNO_INPROGRESS += (errno.WSAEINPROGRESS,)
[docs]class StreamClosedError(IOError):
"""Exception raised by `IOStream` methods when the stream is closed.
Note that the close callback is scheduled to run *after* other
callbacks on the stream (to allow for buffered data to be processed),
so you may see this error before you see the close callback.
The ``real_error`` attribute contains the underlying error that caused
the stream to close (if any).
.. versionchanged:: 4.3
Added the ``real_error`` attribute.
"""
def __init__(self, real_error=None):
super(StreamClosedError, self).__init__('Stream is closed')
self.real_error = real_error
[docs]class UnsatisfiableReadError(Exception):
"""Exception raised when a read cannot be satisfied.
Raised by ``read_until`` and ``read_until_regex`` with a ``max_bytes``
argument.
"""
pass
[docs]class StreamBufferFullError(Exception):
"""Exception raised by `IOStream` methods when the buffer is full.
"""
[docs]class BaseIOStream(object):
"""A utility class to write to and read from a non-blocking file or socket.
We support a non-blocking ``write()`` and a family of ``read_*()`` methods.
All of the methods take an optional ``callback`` argument and return a
`.Future` only if no callback is given. When the operation completes,
the callback will be run or the `.Future` will resolve with the data
read (or ``None`` for ``write()``). All outstanding ``Futures`` will
resolve with a `StreamClosedError` when the stream is closed; users
of the callback interface will be notified via
`.BaseIOStream.set_close_callback` instead.
When a stream is closed due to an error, the IOStream's ``error``
attribute contains the exception object.
Subclasses must implement `fileno`, `close_fd`, `write_to_fd`,
`read_from_fd`, and optionally `get_fd_error`.
"""
def __init__(self, io_loop=None, max_buffer_size=None,
read_chunk_size=None, max_write_buffer_size=None):
"""`BaseIOStream` constructor.
:arg io_loop: The `.IOLoop` to use; defaults to `.IOLoop.current`.
Deprecated since Tornado 4.1.
:arg max_buffer_size: Maximum amount of incoming data to buffer;
defaults to 100MB.
:arg read_chunk_size: Amount of data to read at one time from the
underlying transport; defaults to 64KB.
:arg max_write_buffer_size: Amount of outgoing data to buffer;
defaults to unlimited.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Add the ``max_write_buffer_size`` parameter. Changed default
``read_chunk_size`` to 64KB.
"""
self.io_loop = io_loop or ioloop.IOLoop.current()
self.max_buffer_size = max_buffer_size or 104857600
# A chunk size that is too close to max_buffer_size can cause
# spurious failures.
self.read_chunk_size = min(read_chunk_size or 65536,
self.max_buffer_size // 2)
self.max_write_buffer_size = max_write_buffer_size
self.error = None
self._read_buffer = collections.deque()
self._write_buffer = collections.deque()
self._read_buffer_size = 0
self._write_buffer_size = 0
self._write_buffer_frozen = False
self._read_delimiter = None
self._read_regex = None
self._read_max_bytes = None
self._read_bytes = None
self._read_partial = False
self._read_until_close = False
self._read_callback = None
self._read_future = None
self._streaming_callback = None
self._write_callback = None
self._write_future = None
self._close_callback = None
self._connect_callback = None
self._connect_future = None
# _ssl_connect_future should be defined in SSLIOStream
# but it's here so we can clean it up in maybe_run_close_callback.
# TODO: refactor that so subclasses can add additional futures
# to be cancelled.
self._ssl_connect_future = None
self._connecting = False
self._state = None
self._pending_callbacks = 0
self._closed = False
[docs] def fileno(self):
"""Returns the file descriptor for this stream."""
raise NotImplementedError()
[docs] def close_fd(self):
"""Closes the file underlying this stream.
``close_fd`` is called by `BaseIOStream` and should not be called
elsewhere; other users should call `close` instead.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
[docs] def write_to_fd(self, data):
"""Attempts to write ``data`` to the underlying file.
Returns the number of bytes written.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
[docs] def read_from_fd(self):
"""Attempts to read from the underlying file.
Returns ``None`` if there was nothing to read (the socket
returned `~errno.EWOULDBLOCK` or equivalent), otherwise
returns the data. When possible, should return no more than
``self.read_chunk_size`` bytes at a time.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
[docs] def get_fd_error(self):
"""Returns information about any error on the underlying file.
This method is called after the `.IOLoop` has signaled an error on the
file descriptor, and should return an Exception (such as `socket.error`
with additional information, or None if no such information is
available.
"""
return None
[docs] def read_until_regex(self, regex, callback=None, max_bytes=None):
"""Asynchronously read until we have matched the given regex.
The result includes the data that matches the regex and anything
that came before it. If a callback is given, it will be run
with the data as an argument; if not, this method returns a
`.Future`.
If ``max_bytes`` is not None, the connection will be closed
if more than ``max_bytes`` bytes have been read and the regex is
not satisfied.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Added the ``max_bytes`` argument. The ``callback`` argument is
now optional and a `.Future` will be returned if it is omitted.
"""
future = self._set_read_callback(callback)
self._read_regex = re.compile(regex)
self._read_max_bytes = max_bytes
try:
self._try_inline_read()
except UnsatisfiableReadError as e:
# Handle this the same way as in _handle_events.
gen_log.info("Unsatisfiable read, closing connection: %s" % e)
self.close(exc_info=True)
return future
except:
if future is not None:
# Ensure that the future doesn't log an error because its
# failure was never examined.
future.add_done_callback(lambda f: f.exception())
raise
return future
[docs] def read_until(self, delimiter, callback=None, max_bytes=None):
"""Asynchronously read until we have found the given delimiter.
The result includes all the data read including the delimiter.
If a callback is given, it will be run with the data as an argument;
if not, this method returns a `.Future`.
If ``max_bytes`` is not None, the connection will be closed
if more than ``max_bytes`` bytes have been read and the delimiter
is not found.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Added the ``max_bytes`` argument. The ``callback`` argument is
now optional and a `.Future` will be returned if it is omitted.
"""
future = self._set_read_callback(callback)
self._read_delimiter = delimiter
self._read_max_bytes = max_bytes
try:
self._try_inline_read()
except UnsatisfiableReadError as e:
# Handle this the same way as in _handle_events.
gen_log.info("Unsatisfiable read, closing connection: %s" % e)
self.close(exc_info=True)
return future
except:
if future is not None:
future.add_done_callback(lambda f: f.exception())
raise
return future
[docs] def read_bytes(self, num_bytes, callback=None, streaming_callback=None,
partial=False):
"""Asynchronously read a number of bytes.
If a ``streaming_callback`` is given, it will be called with chunks
of data as they become available, and the final result will be empty.
Otherwise, the result is all the data that was read.
If a callback is given, it will be run with the data as an argument;
if not, this method returns a `.Future`.
If ``partial`` is true, the callback is run as soon as we have
any bytes to return (but never more than ``num_bytes``)
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Added the ``partial`` argument. The callback argument is now
optional and a `.Future` will be returned if it is omitted.
"""
future = self._set_read_callback(callback)
assert isinstance(num_bytes, numbers.Integral)
self._read_bytes = num_bytes
self._read_partial = partial
self._streaming_callback = stack_context.wrap(streaming_callback)
try:
self._try_inline_read()
except:
if future is not None:
future.add_done_callback(lambda f: f.exception())
raise
return future
[docs] def read_until_close(self, callback=None, streaming_callback=None):
"""Asynchronously reads all data from the socket until it is closed.
If a ``streaming_callback`` is given, it will be called with chunks
of data as they become available, and the final result will be empty.
Otherwise, the result is all the data that was read.
If a callback is given, it will be run with the data as an argument;
if not, this method returns a `.Future`.
Note that if a ``streaming_callback`` is used, data will be
read from the socket as quickly as it becomes available; there
is no way to apply backpressure or cancel the reads. If flow
control or cancellation are desired, use a loop with
`read_bytes(partial=True) <.read_bytes>` instead.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
The callback argument is now optional and a `.Future` will
be returned if it is omitted.
"""
future = self._set_read_callback(callback)
self._streaming_callback = stack_context.wrap(streaming_callback)
if self.closed():
if self._streaming_callback is not None:
self._run_read_callback(self._read_buffer_size, True)
self._run_read_callback(self._read_buffer_size, False)
return future
self._read_until_close = True
try:
self._try_inline_read()
except:
if future is not None:
future.add_done_callback(lambda f: f.exception())
raise
return future
[docs] def write(self, data, callback=None):
"""Asynchronously write the given data to this stream.
If ``callback`` is given, we call it when all of the buffered write
data has been successfully written to the stream. If there was
previously buffered write data and an old write callback, that
callback is simply overwritten with this new callback.
If no ``callback`` is given, this method returns a `.Future` that
resolves (with a result of ``None``) when the write has been
completed. If `write` is called again before that `.Future` has
resolved, the previous future will be orphaned and will never resolve.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Now returns a `.Future` if no callback is given.
"""
assert isinstance(data, bytes)
self._check_closed()
# We use bool(_write_buffer) as a proxy for write_buffer_size>0,
# so never put empty strings in the buffer.
if data:
if (self.max_write_buffer_size is not None and
self._write_buffer_size + len(data) > self.max_write_buffer_size):
raise StreamBufferFullError("Reached maximum write buffer size")
# Break up large contiguous strings before inserting them in the
# write buffer, so we don't have to recopy the entire thing
# as we slice off pieces to send to the socket.
WRITE_BUFFER_CHUNK_SIZE = 128 * 1024
for i in range(0, len(data), WRITE_BUFFER_CHUNK_SIZE):
self._write_buffer.append(data[i:i + WRITE_BUFFER_CHUNK_SIZE])
self._write_buffer_size += len(data)
if callback is not None:
self._write_callback = stack_context.wrap(callback)
future = None
else:
future = self._write_future = TracebackFuture()
future.add_done_callback(lambda f: f.exception())
if not self._connecting:
self._handle_write()
if self._write_buffer:
self._add_io_state(self.io_loop.WRITE)
self._maybe_add_error_listener()
return future
[docs] def set_close_callback(self, callback):
"""Call the given callback when the stream is closed.
This is not necessary for applications that use the `.Future`
interface; all outstanding ``Futures`` will resolve with a
`StreamClosedError` when the stream is closed.
"""
self._close_callback = stack_context.wrap(callback)
self._maybe_add_error_listener()
[docs] def close(self, exc_info=False):
"""Close this stream.
If ``exc_info`` is true, set the ``error`` attribute to the current
exception from `sys.exc_info` (or if ``exc_info`` is a tuple,
use that instead of `sys.exc_info`).
"""
if not self.closed():
if exc_info:
if not isinstance(exc_info, tuple):
exc_info = sys.exc_info()
if any(exc_info):
self.error = exc_info[1]
if self._read_until_close:
if (self._streaming_callback is not None and
self._read_buffer_size):
self._run_read_callback(self._read_buffer_size, True)
self._read_until_close = False
self._run_read_callback(self._read_buffer_size, False)
if self._state is not None:
self.io_loop.remove_handler(self.fileno())
self._state = None
self.close_fd()
self._closed = True
self._maybe_run_close_callback()
def _maybe_run_close_callback(self):
# If there are pending callbacks, don't run the close callback
# until they're done (see _maybe_add_error_handler)
if self.closed() and self._pending_callbacks == 0:
futures = []
if self._read_future is not None:
futures.append(self._read_future)
self._read_future = None
if self._write_future is not None:
futures.append(self._write_future)
self._write_future = None
if self._connect_future is not None:
futures.append(self._connect_future)
self._connect_future = None
if self._ssl_connect_future is not None:
futures.append(self._ssl_connect_future)
self._ssl_connect_future = None
for future in futures:
future.set_exception(StreamClosedError(real_error=self.error))
if self._close_callback is not None:
cb = self._close_callback
self._close_callback = None
self._run_callback(cb)
# Delete any unfinished callbacks to break up reference cycles.
self._read_callback = self._write_callback = None
# Clear the buffers so they can be cleared immediately even
# if the IOStream object is kept alive by a reference cycle.
# TODO: Clear the read buffer too; it currently breaks some tests.
self._write_buffer = None
[docs] def reading(self):
"""Returns true if we are currently reading from the stream."""
return self._read_callback is not None or self._read_future is not None
[docs] def writing(self):
"""Returns true if we are currently writing to the stream."""
return bool(self._write_buffer)
[docs] def closed(self):
"""Returns true if the stream has been closed."""
return self._closed
[docs] def set_nodelay(self, value):
"""Sets the no-delay flag for this stream.
By default, data written to TCP streams may be held for a time
to make the most efficient use of bandwidth (according to
Nagle's algorithm). The no-delay flag requests that data be
written as soon as possible, even if doing so would consume
additional bandwidth.
This flag is currently defined only for TCP-based ``IOStreams``.
.. versionadded:: 3.1
"""
pass
def _handle_events(self, fd, events):
if self.closed():
gen_log.warning("Got events for closed stream %s", fd)
return
try:
if self._connecting:
# Most IOLoops will report a write failed connect
# with the WRITE event, but SelectIOLoop reports a
# READ as well so we must check for connecting before
# either.
self._handle_connect()
if self.closed():
return
if events & self.io_loop.READ:
self._handle_read()
if self.closed():
return
if events & self.io_loop.WRITE:
self._handle_write()
if self.closed():
return
if events & self.io_loop.ERROR:
self.error = self.get_fd_error()
# We may have queued up a user callback in _handle_read or
# _handle_write, so don't close the IOStream until those
# callbacks have had a chance to run.
self.io_loop.add_callback(self.close)
return
state = self.io_loop.ERROR
if self.reading():
state |= self.io_loop.READ
if self.writing():
state |= self.io_loop.WRITE
if state == self.io_loop.ERROR and self._read_buffer_size == 0:
# If the connection is idle, listen for reads too so
# we can tell if the connection is closed. If there is
# data in the read buffer we won't run the close callback
# yet anyway, so we don't need to listen in this case.
state |= self.io_loop.READ
if state != self._state:
assert self._state is not None, \
"shouldn't happen: _handle_events without self._state"
self._state = state
self.io_loop.update_handler(self.fileno(), self._state)
except UnsatisfiableReadError as e:
gen_log.info("Unsatisfiable read, closing connection: %s" % e)
self.close(exc_info=True)
except Exception:
gen_log.error("Uncaught exception, closing connection.",
exc_info=True)
self.close(exc_info=True)
raise
def _run_callback(self, callback, *args):
def wrapper():
self._pending_callbacks -= 1
try:
return callback(*args)
except Exception:
app_log.error("Uncaught exception, closing connection.",
exc_info=True)
# Close the socket on an uncaught exception from a user callback
# (It would eventually get closed when the socket object is
# gc'd, but we don't want to rely on gc happening before we
# run out of file descriptors)
self.close(exc_info=True)
# Re-raise the exception so that IOLoop.handle_callback_exception
# can see it and log the error
raise
finally:
self._maybe_add_error_listener()
# We schedule callbacks to be run on the next IOLoop iteration
# rather than running them directly for several reasons:
# * Prevents unbounded stack growth when a callback calls an
# IOLoop operation that immediately runs another callback
# * Provides a predictable execution context for e.g.
# non-reentrant mutexes
# * Ensures that the try/except in wrapper() is run outside
# of the application's StackContexts
with stack_context.NullContext():
# stack_context was already captured in callback, we don't need to
# capture it again for IOStream's wrapper. This is especially
# important if the callback was pre-wrapped before entry to
# IOStream (as in HTTPConnection._header_callback), as we could
# capture and leak the wrong context here.
self._pending_callbacks += 1
self.io_loop.add_callback(wrapper)
def _read_to_buffer_loop(self):
# This method is called from _handle_read and _try_inline_read.
try:
if self._read_bytes is not None:
target_bytes = self._read_bytes
elif self._read_max_bytes is not None:
target_bytes = self._read_max_bytes
elif self.reading():
# For read_until without max_bytes, or
# read_until_close, read as much as we can before
# scanning for the delimiter.
target_bytes = None
else:
target_bytes = 0
next_find_pos = 0
# Pretend to have a pending callback so that an EOF in
# _read_to_buffer doesn't trigger an immediate close
# callback. At the end of this method we'll either
# establish a real pending callback via
# _read_from_buffer or run the close callback.
#
# We need two try statements here so that
# pending_callbacks is decremented before the `except`
# clause below (which calls `close` and does need to
# trigger the callback)
self._pending_callbacks += 1
while not self.closed():
# Read from the socket until we get EWOULDBLOCK or equivalent.
# SSL sockets do some internal buffering, and if the data is
# sitting in the SSL object's buffer select() and friends
# can't see it; the only way to find out if it's there is to
# try to read it.
if self._read_to_buffer() == 0:
break
self._run_streaming_callback()
# If we've read all the bytes we can use, break out of
# this loop. We can't just call read_from_buffer here
# because of subtle interactions with the
# pending_callback and error_listener mechanisms.
#
# If we've reached target_bytes, we know we're done.
if (target_bytes is not None and
self._read_buffer_size >= target_bytes):
break
# Otherwise, we need to call the more expensive find_read_pos.
# It's inefficient to do this on every read, so instead
# do it on the first read and whenever the read buffer
# size has doubled.
if self._read_buffer_size >= next_find_pos:
pos = self._find_read_pos()
if pos is not None:
return pos
next_find_pos = self._read_buffer_size * 2
return self._find_read_pos()
finally:
self._pending_callbacks -= 1
def _handle_read(self):
try:
pos = self._read_to_buffer_loop()
except UnsatisfiableReadError:
raise
except Exception as e:
gen_log.warning("error on read: %s" % e)
self.close(exc_info=True)
return
if pos is not None:
self._read_from_buffer(pos)
return
else:
self._maybe_run_close_callback()
def _set_read_callback(self, callback):
assert self._read_callback is None, "Already reading"
assert self._read_future is None, "Already reading"
if callback is not None:
self._read_callback = stack_context.wrap(callback)
else:
self._read_future = TracebackFuture()
return self._read_future
def _run_read_callback(self, size, streaming):
if streaming:
callback = self._streaming_callback
else:
callback = self._read_callback
self._read_callback = self._streaming_callback = None
if self._read_future is not None:
assert callback is None
future = self._read_future
self._read_future = None
future.set_result(self._consume(size))
if callback is not None:
assert (self._read_future is None) or streaming
self._run_callback(callback, self._consume(size))
else:
# If we scheduled a callback, we will add the error listener
# afterwards. If we didn't, we have to do it now.
self._maybe_add_error_listener()
def _try_inline_read(self):
"""Attempt to complete the current read operation from buffered data.
If the read can be completed without blocking, schedules the
read callback on the next IOLoop iteration; otherwise starts
listening for reads on the socket.
"""
# See if we've already got the data from a previous read
self._run_streaming_callback()
pos = self._find_read_pos()
if pos is not None:
self._read_from_buffer(pos)
return
self._check_closed()
try:
pos = self._read_to_buffer_loop()
except Exception:
# If there was an in _read_to_buffer, we called close() already,
# but couldn't run the close callback because of _pending_callbacks.
# Before we escape from this function, run the close callback if
# applicable.
self._maybe_run_close_callback()
raise
if pos is not None:
self._read_from_buffer(pos)
return
# We couldn't satisfy the read inline, so either close the stream
# or listen for new data.
if self.closed():
self._maybe_run_close_callback()
else:
self._add_io_state(ioloop.IOLoop.READ)
def _read_to_buffer(self):
"""Reads from the socket and appends the result to the read buffer.
Returns the number of bytes read. Returns 0 if there is nothing
to read (i.e. the read returns EWOULDBLOCK or equivalent). On
error closes the socket and raises an exception.
"""
try:
chunk = self.read_from_fd()
except (socket.error, IOError, OSError) as e:
# ssl.SSLError is a subclass of socket.error
if self._is_connreset(e):
# Treat ECONNRESET as a connection close rather than
# an error to minimize log spam (the exception will
# be available on self.error for apps that care).
self.close(exc_info=True)
return
self.close(exc_info=True)
raise
if chunk is None:
return 0
self._read_buffer.append(chunk)
self._read_buffer_size += len(chunk)
if self._read_buffer_size > self.max_buffer_size:
gen_log.error("Reached maximum read buffer size")
self.close()
raise StreamBufferFullError("Reached maximum read buffer size")
return len(chunk)
def _run_streaming_callback(self):
if self._streaming_callback is not None and self._read_buffer_size:
bytes_to_consume = self._read_buffer_size
if self._read_bytes is not None:
bytes_to_consume = min(self._read_bytes, bytes_to_consume)
self._read_bytes -= bytes_to_consume
self._run_read_callback(bytes_to_consume, True)
def _read_from_buffer(self, pos):
"""Attempts to complete the currently-pending read from the buffer.
The argument is either a position in the read buffer or None,
as returned by _find_read_pos.
"""
self._read_bytes = self._read_delimiter = self._read_regex = None
self._read_partial = False
self._run_read_callback(pos, False)
def _find_read_pos(self):
"""Attempts to find a position in the read buffer that satisfies
the currently-pending read.
Returns a position in the buffer if the current read can be satisfied,
or None if it cannot.
"""
if (self._read_bytes is not None and
(self._read_buffer_size >= self._read_bytes or
(self._read_partial and self._read_buffer_size > 0))):
num_bytes = min(self._read_bytes, self._read_buffer_size)
return num_bytes
elif self._read_delimiter is not None:
# Multi-byte delimiters (e.g. '\r\n') may straddle two
# chunks in the read buffer, so we can't easily find them
# without collapsing the buffer. However, since protocols
# using delimited reads (as opposed to reads of a known
# length) tend to be "line" oriented, the delimiter is likely
# to be in the first few chunks. Merge the buffer gradually
# since large merges are relatively expensive and get undone in
# _consume().
if self._read_buffer:
while True:
loc = self._read_buffer[0].find(self._read_delimiter)
if loc != -1:
delimiter_len = len(self._read_delimiter)
self._check_max_bytes(self._read_delimiter,
loc + delimiter_len)
return loc + delimiter_len
if len(self._read_buffer) == 1:
break
_double_prefix(self._read_buffer)
self._check_max_bytes(self._read_delimiter,
len(self._read_buffer[0]))
elif self._read_regex is not None:
if self._read_buffer:
while True:
m = self._read_regex.search(self._read_buffer[0])
if m is not None:
self._check_max_bytes(self._read_regex, m.end())
return m.end()
if len(self._read_buffer) == 1:
break
_double_prefix(self._read_buffer)
self._check_max_bytes(self._read_regex,
len(self._read_buffer[0]))
return None
def _check_max_bytes(self, delimiter, size):
if (self._read_max_bytes is not None and
size > self._read_max_bytes):
raise UnsatisfiableReadError(
"delimiter %r not found within %d bytes" % (
delimiter, self._read_max_bytes))
def _handle_write(self):
while self._write_buffer:
try:
if not self._write_buffer_frozen:
# On windows, socket.send blows up if given a
# write buffer that's too large, instead of just
# returning the number of bytes it was able to
# process. Therefore we must not call socket.send
# with more than 128KB at a time.
_merge_prefix(self._write_buffer, 128 * 1024)
num_bytes = self.write_to_fd(self._write_buffer[0])
if num_bytes == 0:
# With OpenSSL, if we couldn't write the entire buffer,
# the very same string object must be used on the
# next call to send. Therefore we suppress
# merging the write buffer after an incomplete send.
# A cleaner solution would be to set
# SSL_MODE_ACCEPT_MOVING_WRITE_BUFFER, but this is
# not yet accessible from python
# (http://bugs.python.org/issue8240)
self._write_buffer_frozen = True
break
self._write_buffer_frozen = False
_merge_prefix(self._write_buffer, num_bytes)
self._write_buffer.popleft()
self._write_buffer_size -= num_bytes
except (socket.error, IOError, OSError) as e:
if e.args[0] in _ERRNO_WOULDBLOCK:
self._write_buffer_frozen = True
break
else:
if not self._is_connreset(e):
# Broken pipe errors are usually caused by connection
# reset, and its better to not log EPIPE errors to
# minimize log spam
gen_log.warning("Write error on %s: %s",
self.fileno(), e)
self.close(exc_info=True)
return
if not self._write_buffer:
if self._write_callback:
callback = self._write_callback
self._write_callback = None
self._run_callback(callback)
if self._write_future:
future = self._write_future
self._write_future = None
future.set_result(None)
def _consume(self, loc):
if loc == 0:
return b""
_merge_prefix(self._read_buffer, loc)
self._read_buffer_size -= loc
return self._read_buffer.popleft()
def _check_closed(self):
if self.closed():
raise StreamClosedError(real_error=self.error)
def _maybe_add_error_listener(self):
# This method is part of an optimization: to detect a connection that
# is closed when we're not actively reading or writing, we must listen
# for read events. However, it is inefficient to do this when the
# connection is first established because we are going to read or write
# immediately anyway. Instead, we insert checks at various times to
# see if the connection is idle and add the read listener then.
if self._pending_callbacks != 0:
return
if self._state is None or self._state == ioloop.IOLoop.ERROR:
if self.closed():
self._maybe_run_close_callback()
elif (self._read_buffer_size == 0 and
self._close_callback is not None):
self._add_io_state(ioloop.IOLoop.READ)
def _add_io_state(self, state):
"""Adds `state` (IOLoop.{READ,WRITE} flags) to our event handler.
Implementation notes: Reads and writes have a fast path and a
slow path. The fast path reads synchronously from socket
buffers, while the slow path uses `_add_io_state` to schedule
an IOLoop callback. Note that in both cases, the callback is
run asynchronously with `_run_callback`.
To detect closed connections, we must have called
`_add_io_state` at some point, but we want to delay this as
much as possible so we don't have to set an `IOLoop.ERROR`
listener that will be overwritten by the next slow-path
operation. As long as there are callbacks scheduled for
fast-path ops, those callbacks may do more reads.
If a sequence of fast-path ops do not end in a slow-path op,
(e.g. for an @asynchronous long-poll request), we must add
the error handler. This is done in `_run_callback` and `write`
(since the write callback is optional so we can have a
fast-path write with no `_run_callback`)
"""
if self.closed():
# connection has been closed, so there can be no future events
return
if self._state is None:
self._state = ioloop.IOLoop.ERROR | state
with stack_context.NullContext():
self.io_loop.add_handler(
self.fileno(), self._handle_events, self._state)
elif not self._state & state:
self._state = self._state | state
self.io_loop.update_handler(self.fileno(), self._state)
def _is_connreset(self, exc):
"""Return true if exc is ECONNRESET or equivalent.
May be overridden in subclasses.
"""
return (isinstance(exc, (socket.error, IOError)) and
errno_from_exception(exc) in _ERRNO_CONNRESET)
[docs]class IOStream(BaseIOStream):
r"""Socket-based `IOStream` implementation.
This class supports the read and write methods from `BaseIOStream`
plus a `connect` method.
The ``socket`` parameter may either be connected or unconnected.
For server operations the socket is the result of calling
`socket.accept <socket.socket.accept>`. For client operations the
socket is created with `socket.socket`, and may either be
connected before passing it to the `IOStream` or connected with
`IOStream.connect`.
A very simple (and broken) HTTP client using this class:
.. testcode::
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.iostream
import socket
def send_request():
stream.write(b"GET / HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: friendfeed.com\r\n\r\n")
stream.read_until(b"\r\n\r\n", on_headers)
def on_headers(data):
headers = {}
for line in data.split(b"\r\n"):
parts = line.split(b":")
if len(parts) == 2:
headers[parts[0].strip()] = parts[1].strip()
stream.read_bytes(int(headers[b"Content-Length"]), on_body)
def on_body(data):
print(data)
stream.close()
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().stop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0)
stream = tornado.iostream.IOStream(s)
stream.connect(("friendfeed.com", 80), send_request)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()
.. testoutput::
:hide:
"""
def __init__(self, socket, *args, **kwargs):
self.socket = socket
self.socket.setblocking(False)
super(IOStream, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def fileno(self):
return self.socket
def close_fd(self):
self.socket.close()
self.socket = None
def get_fd_error(self):
errno = self.socket.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET,
socket.SO_ERROR)
return socket.error(errno, os.strerror(errno))
def read_from_fd(self):
try:
chunk = self.socket.recv(self.read_chunk_size)
except socket.error as e:
if e.args[0] in _ERRNO_WOULDBLOCK:
return None
else:
raise
if not chunk:
self.close()
return None
return chunk
def write_to_fd(self, data):
return self.socket.send(data)
[docs] def connect(self, address, callback=None, server_hostname=None):
"""Connects the socket to a remote address without blocking.
May only be called if the socket passed to the constructor was
not previously connected. The address parameter is in the
same format as for `socket.connect <socket.socket.connect>` for
the type of socket passed to the IOStream constructor,
e.g. an ``(ip, port)`` tuple. Hostnames are accepted here,
but will be resolved synchronously and block the IOLoop.
If you have a hostname instead of an IP address, the `.TCPClient`
class is recommended instead of calling this method directly.
`.TCPClient` will do asynchronous DNS resolution and handle
both IPv4 and IPv6.
If ``callback`` is specified, it will be called with no
arguments when the connection is completed; if not this method
returns a `.Future` (whose result after a successful
connection will be the stream itself).
In SSL mode, the ``server_hostname`` parameter will be used
for certificate validation (unless disabled in the
``ssl_options``) and SNI (if supported; requires Python
2.7.9+).
Note that it is safe to call `IOStream.write
<BaseIOStream.write>` while the connection is pending, in
which case the data will be written as soon as the connection
is ready. Calling `IOStream` read methods before the socket is
connected works on some platforms but is non-portable.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
If no callback is given, returns a `.Future`.
.. versionchanged:: 4.2
SSL certificates are validated by default; pass
``ssl_options=dict(cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_NONE)`` or a
suitably-configured `ssl.SSLContext` to the
`SSLIOStream` constructor to disable.
"""
self._connecting = True
if callback is not None:
self._connect_callback = stack_context.wrap(callback)
future = None
else:
future = self._connect_future = TracebackFuture()
try:
self.socket.connect(address)
except socket.error as e:
# In non-blocking mode we expect connect() to raise an
# exception with EINPROGRESS or EWOULDBLOCK.
#
# On freebsd, other errors such as ECONNREFUSED may be
# returned immediately when attempting to connect to
# localhost, so handle them the same way as an error
# reported later in _handle_connect.
if (errno_from_exception(e) not in _ERRNO_INPROGRESS and
errno_from_exception(e) not in _ERRNO_WOULDBLOCK):
if future is None:
gen_log.warning("Connect error on fd %s: %s",
self.socket.fileno(), e)
self.close(exc_info=True)
return future
self._add_io_state(self.io_loop.WRITE)
return future
[docs] def start_tls(self, server_side, ssl_options=None, server_hostname=None):
"""Convert this `IOStream` to an `SSLIOStream`.
This enables protocols that begin in clear-text mode and
switch to SSL after some initial negotiation (such as the
``STARTTLS`` extension to SMTP and IMAP).
This method cannot be used if there are outstanding reads
or writes on the stream, or if there is any data in the
IOStream's buffer (data in the operating system's socket
buffer is allowed). This means it must generally be used
immediately after reading or writing the last clear-text
data. It can also be used immediately after connecting,
before any reads or writes.
The ``ssl_options`` argument may be either an `ssl.SSLContext`
object or a dictionary of keyword arguments for the
`ssl.wrap_socket` function. The ``server_hostname`` argument
will be used for certificate validation unless disabled
in the ``ssl_options``.
This method returns a `.Future` whose result is the new
`SSLIOStream`. After this method has been called,
any other operation on the original stream is undefined.
If a close callback is defined on this stream, it will be
transferred to the new stream.
.. versionadded:: 4.0
.. versionchanged:: 4.2
SSL certificates are validated by default; pass
``ssl_options=dict(cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_NONE)`` or a
suitably-configured `ssl.SSLContext` to disable.
"""
if (self._read_callback or self._read_future or
self._write_callback or self._write_future or
self._connect_callback or self._connect_future or
self._pending_callbacks or self._closed or
self._read_buffer or self._write_buffer):
raise ValueError("IOStream is not idle; cannot convert to SSL")
if ssl_options is None:
if server_side:
ssl_options = _server_ssl_defaults
else:
ssl_options = _client_ssl_defaults
socket = self.socket
self.io_loop.remove_handler(socket)
self.socket = None
socket = ssl_wrap_socket(socket, ssl_options,
server_hostname=server_hostname,
server_side=server_side,
do_handshake_on_connect=False)
orig_close_callback = self._close_callback
self._close_callback = None
future = TracebackFuture()
ssl_stream = SSLIOStream(socket, ssl_options=ssl_options,
io_loop=self.io_loop)
# Wrap the original close callback so we can fail our Future as well.
# If we had an "unwrap" counterpart to this method we would need
# to restore the original callback after our Future resolves
# so that repeated wrap/unwrap calls don't build up layers.
def close_callback():
if not future.done():
# Note that unlike most Futures returned by IOStream,
# this one passes the underlying error through directly
# instead of wrapping everything in a StreamClosedError
# with a real_error attribute. This is because once the
# connection is established it's more helpful to raise
# the SSLError directly than to hide it behind a
# StreamClosedError (and the client is expecting SSL
# issues rather than network issues since this method is
# named start_tls).
future.set_exception(ssl_stream.error or StreamClosedError())
if orig_close_callback is not None:
orig_close_callback()
ssl_stream.set_close_callback(close_callback)
ssl_stream._ssl_connect_callback = lambda: future.set_result(ssl_stream)
ssl_stream.max_buffer_size = self.max_buffer_size
ssl_stream.read_chunk_size = self.read_chunk_size
return future
def _handle_connect(self):
err = self.socket.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_ERROR)
if err != 0:
self.error = socket.error(err, os.strerror(err))
# IOLoop implementations may vary: some of them return
# an error state before the socket becomes writable, so
# in that case a connection failure would be handled by the
# error path in _handle_events instead of here.
if self._connect_future is None:
gen_log.warning("Connect error on fd %s: %s",
self.socket.fileno(), errno.errorcode[err])
self.close()
return
if self._connect_callback is not None:
callback = self._connect_callback
self._connect_callback = None
self._run_callback(callback)
if self._connect_future is not None:
future = self._connect_future
self._connect_future = None
future.set_result(self)
self._connecting = False
def set_nodelay(self, value):
if (self.socket is not None and
self.socket.family in (socket.AF_INET, socket.AF_INET6)):
try:
self.socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP,
socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1 if value else 0)
except socket.error as e:
# Sometimes setsockopt will fail if the socket is closed
# at the wrong time. This can happen with HTTPServer
# resetting the value to false between requests.
if e.errno != errno.EINVAL and not self._is_connreset(e):
raise
[docs]class SSLIOStream(IOStream):
"""A utility class to write to and read from a non-blocking SSL socket.
If the socket passed to the constructor is already connected,
it should be wrapped with::
ssl.wrap_socket(sock, do_handshake_on_connect=False, **kwargs)
before constructing the `SSLIOStream`. Unconnected sockets will be
wrapped when `IOStream.connect` is finished.
"""
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""The ``ssl_options`` keyword argument may either be an
`ssl.SSLContext` object or a dictionary of keywords arguments
for `ssl.wrap_socket`
"""
self._ssl_options = kwargs.pop('ssl_options', _client_ssl_defaults)
super(SSLIOStream, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self._ssl_accepting = True
self._handshake_reading = False
self._handshake_writing = False
self._ssl_connect_callback = None
self._server_hostname = None
# If the socket is already connected, attempt to start the handshake.
try:
self.socket.getpeername()
except socket.error:
pass
else:
# Indirectly start the handshake, which will run on the next
# IOLoop iteration and then the real IO state will be set in
# _handle_events.
self._add_io_state(self.io_loop.WRITE)
def reading(self):
return self._handshake_reading or super(SSLIOStream, self).reading()
def writing(self):
return self._handshake_writing or super(SSLIOStream, self).writing()
def _do_ssl_handshake(self):
# Based on code from test_ssl.py in the python stdlib
try:
self._handshake_reading = False
self._handshake_writing = False
self.socket.do_handshake()
except ssl.SSLError as err:
if err.args[0] == ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
self._handshake_reading = True
return
elif err.args[0] == ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
self._handshake_writing = True
return
elif err.args[0] in (ssl.SSL_ERROR_EOF,
ssl.SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN):
return self.close(exc_info=True)
elif err.args[0] == ssl.SSL_ERROR_SSL:
try:
peer = self.socket.getpeername()
except Exception:
peer = '(not connected)'
gen_log.warning("SSL Error on %s %s: %s",
self.socket.fileno(), peer, err)
return self.close(exc_info=True)
raise
except socket.error as err:
# Some port scans (e.g. nmap in -sT mode) have been known
# to cause do_handshake to raise EBADF, so make that error
# quiet as well.
# https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!topic/python-tornado/ApucKJat1_0
if self._is_connreset(err) or err.args[0] == errno.EBADF:
return self.close(exc_info=True)
raise
except AttributeError:
# On Linux, if the connection was reset before the call to
# wrap_socket, do_handshake will fail with an
# AttributeError.
return self.close(exc_info=True)
else:
self._ssl_accepting = False
if not self._verify_cert(self.socket.getpeercert()):
self.close()
return
self._run_ssl_connect_callback()
def _run_ssl_connect_callback(self):
if self._ssl_connect_callback is not None:
callback = self._ssl_connect_callback
self._ssl_connect_callback = None
self._run_callback(callback)
if self._ssl_connect_future is not None:
future = self._ssl_connect_future
self._ssl_connect_future = None
future.set_result(self)
def _verify_cert(self, peercert):
"""Returns True if peercert is valid according to the configured
validation mode and hostname.
The ssl handshake already tested the certificate for a valid
CA signature; the only thing that remains is to check
the hostname.
"""
if isinstance(self._ssl_options, dict):
verify_mode = self._ssl_options.get('cert_reqs', ssl.CERT_NONE)
elif isinstance(self._ssl_options, ssl.SSLContext):
verify_mode = self._ssl_options.verify_mode
assert verify_mode in (ssl.CERT_NONE, ssl.CERT_REQUIRED, ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL)
if verify_mode == ssl.CERT_NONE or self._server_hostname is None:
return True
cert = self.socket.getpeercert()
if cert is None and verify_mode == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED:
gen_log.warning("No SSL certificate given")
return False
try:
ssl_match_hostname(peercert, self._server_hostname)
except SSLCertificateError as e:
gen_log.warning("Invalid SSL certificate: %s" % e)
return False
else:
return True
def _handle_read(self):
if self._ssl_accepting:
self._do_ssl_handshake()
return
super(SSLIOStream, self)._handle_read()
def _handle_write(self):
if self._ssl_accepting:
self._do_ssl_handshake()
return
super(SSLIOStream, self)._handle_write()
def connect(self, address, callback=None, server_hostname=None):
self._server_hostname = server_hostname
# Pass a dummy callback to super.connect(), which is slightly
# more efficient than letting it return a Future we ignore.
super(SSLIOStream, self).connect(address, callback=lambda: None)
return self.wait_for_handshake(callback)
def _handle_connect(self):
# Call the superclass method to check for errors.
super(SSLIOStream, self)._handle_connect()
if self.closed():
return
# When the connection is complete, wrap the socket for SSL
# traffic. Note that we do this by overriding _handle_connect
# instead of by passing a callback to super().connect because
# user callbacks are enqueued asynchronously on the IOLoop,
# but since _handle_events calls _handle_connect immediately
# followed by _handle_write we need this to be synchronous.
#
# The IOLoop will get confused if we swap out self.socket while the
# fd is registered, so remove it now and re-register after
# wrap_socket().
self.io_loop.remove_handler(self.socket)
old_state = self._state
self._state = None
self.socket = ssl_wrap_socket(self.socket, self._ssl_options,
server_hostname=self._server_hostname,
do_handshake_on_connect=False)
self._add_io_state(old_state)
[docs] def wait_for_handshake(self, callback=None):
"""Wait for the initial SSL handshake to complete.
If a ``callback`` is given, it will be called with no
arguments once the handshake is complete; otherwise this
method returns a `.Future` which will resolve to the
stream itself after the handshake is complete.
Once the handshake is complete, information such as
the peer's certificate and NPN/ALPN selections may be
accessed on ``self.socket``.
This method is intended for use on server-side streams
or after using `IOStream.start_tls`; it should not be used
with `IOStream.connect` (which already waits for the
handshake to complete). It may only be called once per stream.
.. versionadded:: 4.2
"""
if (self._ssl_connect_callback is not None or
self._ssl_connect_future is not None):
raise RuntimeError("Already waiting")
if callback is not None:
self._ssl_connect_callback = stack_context.wrap(callback)
future = None
else:
future = self._ssl_connect_future = TracebackFuture()
if not self._ssl_accepting:
self._run_ssl_connect_callback()
return future
def write_to_fd(self, data):
try:
return self.socket.send(data)
except ssl.SSLError as e:
if e.args[0] == ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
# In Python 3.5+, SSLSocket.send raises a WANT_WRITE error if
# the socket is not writeable; we need to transform this into
# an EWOULDBLOCK socket.error or a zero return value,
# either of which will be recognized by the caller of this
# method. Prior to Python 3.5, an unwriteable socket would
# simply return 0 bytes written.
return 0
raise
def read_from_fd(self):
if self._ssl_accepting:
# If the handshake hasn't finished yet, there can't be anything
# to read (attempting to read may or may not raise an exception
# depending on the SSL version)
return None
try:
# SSLSocket objects have both a read() and recv() method,
# while regular sockets only have recv().
# The recv() method blocks (at least in python 2.6) if it is
# called when there is nothing to read, so we have to use
# read() instead.
chunk = self.socket.read(self.read_chunk_size)
except ssl.SSLError as e:
# SSLError is a subclass of socket.error, so this except
# block must come first.
if e.args[0] == ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
return None
else:
raise
except socket.error as e:
if e.args[0] in _ERRNO_WOULDBLOCK:
return None
else:
raise
if not chunk:
self.close()
return None
return chunk
def _is_connreset(self, e):
if isinstance(e, ssl.SSLError) and e.args[0] == ssl.SSL_ERROR_EOF:
return True
return super(SSLIOStream, self)._is_connreset(e)
[docs]class PipeIOStream(BaseIOStream):
"""Pipe-based `IOStream` implementation.
The constructor takes an integer file descriptor (such as one returned
by `os.pipe`) rather than an open file object. Pipes are generally
one-way, so a `PipeIOStream` can be used for reading or writing but not
both.
"""
def __init__(self, fd, *args, **kwargs):
self.fd = fd
_set_nonblocking(fd)
super(PipeIOStream, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def fileno(self):
return self.fd
def close_fd(self):
os.close(self.fd)
def write_to_fd(self, data):
return os.write(self.fd, data)
def read_from_fd(self):
try:
chunk = os.read(self.fd, self.read_chunk_size)
except (IOError, OSError) as e:
if errno_from_exception(e) in _ERRNO_WOULDBLOCK:
return None
elif errno_from_exception(e) == errno.EBADF:
# If the writing half of a pipe is closed, select will
# report it as readable but reads will fail with EBADF.
self.close(exc_info=True)
return None
else:
raise
if not chunk:
self.close()
return None
return chunk
def _double_prefix(deque):
"""Grow by doubling, but don't split the second chunk just because the
first one is small.
"""
new_len = max(len(deque[0]) * 2,
(len(deque[0]) + len(deque[1])))
_merge_prefix(deque, new_len)
def _merge_prefix(deque, size):
"""Replace the first entries in a deque of strings with a single
string of up to size bytes.
>>> d = collections.deque(['abc', 'de', 'fghi', 'j'])
>>> _merge_prefix(d, 5); print(d)
deque(['abcde', 'fghi', 'j'])
Strings will be split as necessary to reach the desired size.
>>> _merge_prefix(d, 7); print(d)
deque(['abcdefg', 'hi', 'j'])
>>> _merge_prefix(d, 3); print(d)
deque(['abc', 'defg', 'hi', 'j'])
>>> _merge_prefix(d, 100); print(d)
deque(['abcdefghij'])
"""
if len(deque) == 1 and len(deque[0]) <= size:
return
prefix = []
remaining = size
while deque and remaining > 0:
chunk = deque.popleft()
if len(chunk) > remaining:
deque.appendleft(chunk[remaining:])
chunk = chunk[:remaining]
prefix.append(chunk)
remaining -= len(chunk)
# This data structure normally just contains byte strings, but
# the unittest gets messy if it doesn't use the default str() type,
# so do the merge based on the type of data that's actually present.
if prefix:
deque.appendleft(type(prefix[0])().join(prefix))
if not deque:
deque.appendleft(b"")
def doctests():
import doctest
return doctest.DocTestSuite()